Sulfur yog ib qho khoom uas tsis yog hlau nrog lub cim tshuaj S thiab tus lej atomic ntawm 16. Cov sulfur ntshiab yog siv lead ua daj, tseem hu ua sulfur lossis daj sulfur. Elemental sulfur tsis yaj hauv dej, me ntsis yaj hauv ethanol, thiab yooj yim yaj hauv carbon disulfideCS.2.
1. Cov khoom siv lub cev
- Sulfur feem ntau yog siv lead ua daj daj, tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab tsis qab.
- Sulfur muaj ntau allotropes, tag nrho cov uas yog tsim los ntawm S8cov molecule cyclic. Cov feem ntau yog orthorhomb sulfur (tseem hu ua rhombic sulfur, α-sulfur) thiab monoclinic sulfur (tseem hu ua β-sulfur).
- Orthorhombic sulfur yog ib hom sulfur ruaj khov, thiab thaum cua sov txog li 100 ° C, nws tuaj yeem txias kom tau monoclinic sulfur. Qhov kub hloov pauv ntawm orthorhombic sulfur thiab monoclinic sulfur yog 95.6 ° C. orhombic sulfur yog tib hom sulfur ruaj khov ntawm chav tsev kub. Nws daim ntawv ntshiab yog daj-ntsuab (cov sulfur muag hauv khw zoo li daj ntau dua vim muaj cov cycloheptasulfur me me). Orthorhombic sulfur yeej tsis yaj hauv dej, muaj cov thermal conductivity tsis zoo, yog ib qho insulator hluav taws xob zoo.
- Monoclinic sulfur yog cov siv lead ua zoo li koob uas tshuav tom qab yaj sulfur thiab nchuav cov kua ntau dhau. Monoclinic sulfur orthorhombic sulfur yog cov variants ntawm elemental sulfur ntawm qhov kub sib txawv. Monoclinic sulfur tsuas yog ruaj khov saum 95.6 ℃, thiab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws maj mam hloov mus ua orthorhombic sulfur. Lub ntsiab lus yaj ntawm orthorhombic sulfur yog 112.8 ℃, lub ntsiab lus yaj ntawm monoclinic sulfur yog 119 ℃. Ob qho tib si yaj tau zoo hauv CS.2.
- Kuj tseem muaj cov sulfur uas ywj pheej. Cov sulfur uas ywj pheej yog cov khoom daj tsaus, uas tsis yaj tau hauv cov pa roj carbon disulfide dua li lwm cov allotropes sulfur. Nws tsis yaj tau hauv dej thiab yaj me ntsis hauv cawv. Yog tias cov sulfur uas yaj tau raug nchuav rau hauv dej txias sai sai, cov sulfur uas muaj cov saw ntev yuav ruaj khov, thiab nws tuaj yeem ncab tau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tawv dhau sijhawm thiab dhau los ua monoclinic sulfur.
2. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg
- Sulfur tuaj yeem hlawv hauv huab cua, ua rau muaj cov pa oxygen los ua sulfur dioxide (SO4)₂) roj av.
- Sulfur reacts nrog tag nrho cov halogens thaum cua sov. Nws hlawv hauv fluorine los tsim sulfur hexafluoride. Kua sulfur nrog chlorine los tsim cov disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2). Ib qho sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj cov xim liab sulfur dichloride (SCl) tuaj yeem tsim tau thaum chlorine ntau dhau thiab yog ib qho catalyst, xws li FeCl3los yog SnI4,siv lawm.
- Sulfur tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov kua kub potassium hydroxide (KOH) los tsim cov potassium sulfide thiab potassium thiosulfate.
- Cov leej faj tsis tshua muaj zog nrog dej thiab cov kua qaub uas tsis yog oxidizing. Cov leej faj no tshua nrog cov kua qaub nitric kub thiab cov kua qaub sulfuric uas muaj concentrated thiab tuaj yeem oxidized mus ua cov kua qaub sulfuric thiab cov kua qaub sulfur dioxide.
3. Daim ntawv thov teb
- Kev siv hauv kev lag luam
Cov siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov sulfur yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov sulfur compounds xws li sulfuric acid, sulfites, thiosulfates, ocyanates, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, disulfur dichloride, trichlorosulfonated phosphorus, phosphorus sulf, thiab hlau sulfides. Ntau tshaj 80% ntawm lub ntiaj teb txhua xyoo sulfur noj yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov sulfuric acid. Sulfur kuj siv dav hauv kev tsim cov roj hmab vulcanized. Thaum cov roj hmab nyoos raug vulcanized rau hauv cov roj hmab vulcanized, nws tau txais elasticity siab, cua sov tiv taus tensile lub zog, thiab insolubility hauv cov organic solvents. Feem ntau cov khoom roj hmab yog ua los ntawm cov roj hmab vulcanized, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov roj hmab nyoos nrog thiab accelerators ntawm qee qhov kub thiab siab. Sulfur kuj tseem xav tau hauv kev tsim cov hmoov dub thiab cov ntais, thiab nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov foob pob hluav taws. Tsis tas li ntawd, sulfur tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov xim sulfurized thiab cov xim. Piv txwv li, kev hlawv cov kaolin, carbon, sulfur, diatomaceous earth, lossis quartz hmoov tuaj yeem tsim cov xim xiav hu ua ultramarine. Kev lag luam bleach thiab kev lag luam tshuaj kuj siv ib feem sulfur.
- Kev siv kho mob
Sulfur yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw hauv ntau yam tshuaj kho mob tawv nqaij. Piv txwv li, roj tung raug cua sov nrog sulfur kom sulfonate nrog sulfur acid thiab tom qab ntawd neutralized nrog ammonia dej kom tau txais sulfonated tung roj. Ib qho tshuaj pleev 10% ua los ntawm nws muaj cov teebmeem tiv thaiv kev o thiab deelling thiab tuaj yeem siv los kho ntau yam kev o thiab o ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-09-2024