1. Taw qhia

Antimony, raws li ib qho tseem ceeb uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau, yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nplaim hluav taws, alloys, semiconductors thiab lwm yam teb. Txawm li cas los xij, antimony ores nyob rau hauv cov xwm feem ntau coexist nrog arsenic, ua rau cov ntsiab lus arsenic siab nyob rau hauv crude antimony uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo thiab kev siv cov khoom antimony. Kab lus no qhia txog ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev tshem tawm arsenic hauv crude antimony purification, suav nrog pyrometallurgical refining, hydrometallurgical refining, thiab electrolytic refining, nthuav dav lawv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov txheej txheem ntws, kev ua haujlwm, thiab qhov zoo / qhov tsis zoo.

2. Pyrometallurgical Refining rau kev tshem tawm arsenic

2.1 Alkaline Refining Method

2.1.1 Txoj Cai

Txoj kev alkaline refining tshem tawm arsenic raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm arsenic thiab alkali hlau tebchaw los tsim arsenates. Lub ntsiab lus sib npaug:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Txheej Txheem Flow

1. Kev npaj cov khoom nyoos: Sib tsoo cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab rau hauv 5-10mm hais thiab sib tov nrog dej qab zib tshauv (Na₂CO₃) ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm 10: 1.
2. Smelting: Kub nyob rau hauv lub reverberatory cub rau 850-950 ° C, tuav rau 2-3 teev
3. Oxidation: Qhia cov cua compressed (siab 0.2-0.3MPa), txaus tus nqi 2-3m³ / (h·t)
4. Slag tsim: Ntxiv tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm ntsev (NaNO₃) ua oxidant, ntau npaum li 3-5% ntawm qhov hnyav antimony
5. Slag tshem tawm: Tom qab kho rau 30 feeb, tshem tawm slag nto
6. Rov ua haujlwm: Rov ua cov txheej txheem saum toj no 2-3 zaug

2.1.3 Txheej txheem Parameter Control

• Kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias: Qhov kub zoo tshaj 900 ± 20 ° C
• Kev noj tshuaj Alkali: Kho raws li cov ntsiab lus arsenic, feem ntau 8-12% ntawm qhov hnyav antimony
• Oxidation lub sij hawm: 1-1.5 teev ib lub voj voog oxidation

2.1.4 Kev tshem tawm Arsenic Efficiency

Yuav txo tau cov ntsiab lus arsenic ntawm 2-5% rau 0.1-0.3%

2.2 Oxidative Volatilization Method

2.2.1 Txoj Cai

Siv cov yam ntxwv uas arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) yog volatile dua li antimony oxide. Raws li ₂O₃ volatilizes ntawm tsuas yog 193 ° C, thaum Sb₂O₃ yuav tsum tau 656 ° C.

2.2.2 Txheej Txheem Flow

1. Oxidative smelting: Thaum tshav kub kub nyob rau hauv ib tug rotary kiln rau 600-650 ° C nrog cua qhia
2. Flue gas kho: Condense thiab rov qab volatilized As₂O₃
3. Txo smelting: Txo cov khoom seem ntawm 1200 ° C nrog coke
4. Refining: Ntxiv me me ntawm soda tshauv rau kev ua kom huv ntxiv

2.2.3 Qhov tseem ceeb Parameters

• Oxygen concentration: 21-28%
• Lub sij hawm nyob: 4-6 teev
• Kev sib hloov ceev: 0.5-1r / min

3. Hydrometallurgical Refining rau kev tshem tawm arsenic

3.1 Alkali Sulfide Leaching Method

3.1.1 Txoj Cai

Siv cov yam ntxwv uas arsenic sulfide muaj ntau dua solubility hauv alkali sulfide daws dua antimony sulfide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Insoluble

3.1.2 Txheej Txheem Flow

1. Sulfidation: Sib tov crude antimony hmoov nrog sulfur ntawm 1: 0.3 loj piv, sulfidize ntawm 500 ° C rau 1 teev
2. Leaching: Siv 2mol/L Na₂S tov, kua-khoom piv 5:1, do ntawm 80 ° C rau 2 teev
3. Filtration: Lim nrog lim xovxwm, residue yog low-arsenic antimony concentrate
4. Regeneration: Qhia H₂S rau hauv filtrate kom rov tsim dua Na₂S

3.1.3 Txheej txheem txheej txheem

• Na₂S concentration: 1.5-2.5mol / L
• Leaching pH: 12-13
• Leaching efficiency: Raws li> 90%, Sb poob <5%

3.2 Acidic Oxidative Leaching Method

3.2.1 Txoj Cai

Siv arsenic yooj yim oxidation nyob rau hauv acidic tej yam kev mob, siv oxidants zoo li FeCl₃ los yog H₂O₂ rau xaiv dissolution.

3.2.2 Txheej Txheem Flow

1. Leaching: Hauv 1.5mol / L HCl tov, ntxiv 0.5mol / L FeCl₃, kua-khoom sib piv 8: 1
2. Muaj peev xwm tswj tau: Ua kom muaj peev xwm oxidation ntawm 400-450mV (vs.SHE)
3. Kev sib cais-kua kua: Nqus pom, xa cov lim mus rau arsenic rov qab
4. Ntxuav: Ntxuav lim seem 3 zaug nrog dilute hydrochloric acid

4. Electrolytic Refining Method

4.1 Txoj Cai

Siv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm deposition ntawm antimony (+ 0.212V) thiab arsenic (+ 0.234V).

4.2 Txheej Txheem Flow

1. Anode npaj: Cam khwb cia crude antimony rau hauv 400 × 600 × 20mm anode daim hlau
2. Electrolyte muaj pes tsawg leeg: Sb³⁺ 80g / L, HCl 120g / L, additive (gelatin) 0.5g / L
3. Electrolysis tej yam kev mob:
   • Tam sim no ceev: 120-150A / m²
   • Lub cev muaj zog: 0.4-0.6V
   • Kub: 30-35 ° C
   • Electrode nrug: 100mm
4. Lub voj voog: Tshem tawm ntawm tes txhua 7-10 hnub

4.3 Technical Indicators

• Cathode antimony purity: ≥99.85%
• Arsenic tshem tawm tus nqi:> 95%
• Kev ua haujlwm tam sim no: 85-90%

5. Cov thev naus laus zis tshem tawm Arsenic

5.1 Nqus Distillation

Hauv qab 0.1-10Pa nqus tsev vacuum, siv vapor siab sib txawv (Raws li: 133Pa ntawm 550 ° C, Sb yuav tsum tau 1000 ° C).

5.2 Plasma Oxidation

Siv cov ntshav plasma kub (5000-10000K) rau xaiv arsenic oxidation, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm luv (10-30min), qis zog noj.

6. Cov txheej txheem sib piv thiab xaiv cov lus pom zoo

Cov lus pom zoo xaiv:

• High-arsenic pub (As> 3%): nyiam alkali sulfide leaching
• Nruab nrab arsenic (0.5-3%): Alkaline refining lossis electrolysis
• Tsawg-arsenic siab-purity yuav tsum: Electrolytic refining pom zoo

7. Cov lus xaus

Kev tshem tawm arsenic los ntawm crude antimony yuav tsum muaj kev xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, cov khoom xav tau, thiab kev lag luam. Cov txheej txheem pyrometallurgical ib txwm muaj peev xwm loj tab sis tseem ceeb ib puag ncig siab; hydrometallurgical txoj kev muaj kuab paug tsawg tab sis cov txheej txheem ntev dua; Cov txheej txheem electrolytic tsim cov purity siab tab sis siv zog ntau dua. Cov lus qhia kev txhim kho yav tom ntej muaj xws li:

1. Tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo sib xyaw
2. Optimizing multi-theem ua ke txheej txheem
3. Txhim kho kev siv cov peev txheej arsenic
4. Txo kev siv hluav taws xob thiab cov pa phem emissions